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In 1932, Einstein asked Freud why humans accept war despite its obvious destruction. Freud's answer — that institutional structure can redirect aggression — directly influenced the architects of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights emerged from the wreckage of World War II. Understanding how it came together — and why it split into two covenants — reveals the political fault lines that still prevent U.S. ratification of economic rights.
In 1977, President Carter signed the ICESCR. In the nearly five decades since, the Senate has never voted on ratification. This post traces the political history of that silence — and what it reveals about how the U.S. relates to binding international accountability for economic rights.