The Gendered Shape of AI Displacement: ICESCR Article 3 and Equal Rights in Practice
ICESCR Article 3 requires states to ensure that men and women enjoy all Covenant rights equally — not formally, but in substantive effect. AI economic displacement does not arrive uniformly: women occupy a disproportionate share of the occupations most exposed to automation, hold underrepresented positions in the AI sector that captures automation's gains, and face disproportionate AI-driven bias in hiring and credit decisions. The United States, without ratifying the Covenant, faces no international accountability mechanism for whether its response to AI displacement produces equal outcomes.